Batas Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Civilian Combatants dalam Perspektif Hukum Humaniter Internasional

Putu Fairnanda Sastra Devi; Dewa Gede Sudika Mangku; Ni Putu Rai Yuliartini

doi:10.62383/konsensus.v3i2.1651

Authors

Putu Fairnanda Sastra Devi Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha
Dewa Gede Sudika Mangku Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha
Ni Putu Rai Yuliartini Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62383/konsensus.v3i2.1651

Keywords:

Civilian Combatants, Civilian Involvement, International Humanitarian Law, Principle of Distinction, Principle of Proportionalit

Abstract

The development of modern armed conflicts shows the increasing involvement of civilians in hostilities, which has given rise to the phenomenon of civilian combatants and created ambiguity in the classification of subjects in International Humanitarian Law. This study aims to analyze the legal status of civilians involved in armed conflicts and the limits of legal protection inherent to them. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative and conceptual approach, through an analysis of international legal instruments and relevant doctrines. The results show that civilian combatants are not explicitly recognized in international humanitarian law, thus creating uncertainty in determining their legal status. Furthermore, protection for civilians is conditional and can be temporarily lost when individuals engage in direct participation in hostilities, with limits determined by the principles of distinction and proportionality. These findings confirm that the limits of legal protection are dynamic and depend on individual actions in conflict. The implications of this study indicate the need for strengthened legal interpretation and more consistent implementation to ensure legal certainty and protection for civilians in modern armed conflicts.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmad Muhamad Mustain Nasoha, Ashfiya Nur Atqiya, Abdurrahman Hadi, Livia Istiqomah, Jenny Saharany Aulia Putri, & Muhammad Asro Al Munawir. (2025). Implementasi Pancasila dalam Resolusi Konflik Global : Studi Kasus Peran Indonesia dalam Mediasi Internasional. Amandemen: Jurnal Ilmu Pertahanan, Politik Dan Hukum Indonesia, 2(3), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.62383/amandemen.v2i3.967

Andi Williams Abraham, Rudepel Petrus Leo, & Heryanto Amalo. (2024). Faktor Penyebab dan Upaya Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Guru Yang Dianiaya Oleh Oknum Orang Tua Siswa di SD Negeri Naikoten II . Amandemen: Jurnal Ilmu Pertahanan, Politik Dan Hukum Indonesia, 2(1), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.62383/amandemen.v2i1.704

Cassese, A. (2008). International criminal law. Oxford University Press.

Crawford, E. (2022). The treatment of combatants and insurgents under international humanitarian law. Oxford University Press.

Devita Candra. (2025). Kekuatan Hukum Sertifikat Tanah Elektronik dalam Menjamin Kepastian Hukum dan Perlindungan Pihak Ketiga. Aliansi: Jurnal Hukum, Pendidikan Dan Sosial Humaniora, 2(3), 262–274. https://doi.org/10.62383/aliansi.v2i3.931

Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. (1949

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (2009). Interpretive guidance on the notion of direct participation in hostilities under international humanitarian law. Geneva.

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (2020). International humanitarian law and the challenges of contemporary armed conflicts. Geneva.

International Committee of the Red Cross. (2023). International humanitarian law and the challenges of contemporary armed conflicts. https://www.icrc.org/en/document/ihl-challenges-contemporary-armed-conflicts

Iwuh, H. O. (2011, July 6). Protecting civilians in conflict: Human rights and humanitarian law. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2011/07/06/protecting-civilians-in-conflict-human-rights-and-humanitarian-law/

KIU Law Journal. (n.d.). Protection of civilian population in international humanitarian law. Kampala International University. https://kiulj.kiu.ac.ug/assets/articles/1712052381_protection-of-civilian-population-in-international-humanitarian-law.pdf

Melzer, N. (2021). International humanitarian law: A comprehensive introduction. https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/ihl-comprehensive-introduction

Nur Sri Maryam DM. (2025). Analisis Hukum Terhadap Kebijakan Wajib Militer bagi Siswa Bermasalah di Jawa Barat Antara Pembinaan Karakter dan Represivitas Negara. Aliansi: Jurnal Hukum, Pendidikan Dan Sosial Humaniora, 2(3), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.62383/aliansi.v2i3.900

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions (Protocol I). (1977). https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/api-1977

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. (1998). https://www.icc-cpi.int/resource-library/documents/rs-eng.pdf

Saskia Nursukma Andriliani, & Taufiqurrohman Syahuri. (2024). Sejarah Gerakan Islam/ Tentara Islam Indonesia dengan Perspektif Hukum Responsif. Amandemen: Jurnal Ilmu Pertahanan, Politik Dan Hukum Indonesia, 2(1), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.62383/amandemen.v2i1.728

Sassòli, M. (2021). International humanitarian law: Rules, controversies, and solutions to problems arising in warfare (2nd ed.).

Schmitt, M. N. (2013). The interpretive guidance on the notion of direct participation in hostilities: A critical analysis. https://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2013/01/Vol-1-Schmitt.pdf

Schmitt, M. N. (2013). The status of civilian direct participants in hostilities under international humanitarian law. Yale Journal of International Law, 38(3). https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjil/vol38/iss3/2

Watkin, K. (2005). Warriors without rights? Combatants, unprivileged belligerents, and the struggle over legitimacy. Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, Harvard University. https://www.hpcrresearch.org/sites/default/files/publications/OccasionalPaper2.pdf